Enhanced frequency agile radio

ABSTRACT

A method utilizing intentionally generated in-band frequency harmonics to compensate for frequency error and frequency drift in a voltage controlled oscillator of a receiver, thereby eliminating the frequency synthesizer and RF divider required in conventional designs. The method includes modulating the intentionally generated frequency in a predetermined manner so that a receiver can identify the intentionally generated frequency and includes the use of plural frequency harmonics for use in a curve fitting technique to correct frequency error in the voltage controlled oscillator.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/931,416, filed Sep.16, 1997, now issued as U.S. Pat. No 6,031,885, which is a continuationof application Ser. No. 08/311,774, filed Sep. 23, 1994, now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 5,668,828, which is a continuation-in-part application ofapplication Ser. No. 08/103,993, filed Aug. 10, 1993, now issued as U.S.Pat. No. 5,377,222, which is a division of application Ser. No.07/880,268 filed May 8, 1992, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,541. Thebenefit of the earlier filing date of the parent patent application isclaimed pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §120.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to robust methods of frequency re-use andfrequency sharing which prevent independent radio systems fromco-interference due to frequency crowding of available radio bands, and,more particularly, this invention relates to a method of frequencyagility which can provide a low cost solution to many burst mode andcontinuous data communications applications, including security systems,fire systems, access control, energy management, remote control of modelplanes, remote process control, traffic light control, remote powermeter reading, voice communication, radio location, or local areanetworks.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELEVANT ART

The use of spread spectrum communications and techniques for diversecommercial and civilian applications has increased in recent years. Byutilizing such techniques to minimize mutual interference and to provideanti-jamming advantages to multiple-access communications, as well asaiding in extremely accurate position location using satellites insynchronous and asynchronous orbits, spread spectrum techniques areknown to offer the advantage of improved reliability of transmission infrequency-selective fading and multipath environments.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,062 to Sanderford, Jr. et al teaches that multipathin urban areas poses a problem for accurate position location, which maybe overcome by using a method of synchronization of transmissions andunique identification codes to derive relative ranging times fordetermining position. Compensation for multipath may include spreadspectrum techniques.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,577 to Arthur et al has a wireless alarm systemusing spread spectrum transmitters and fast frequency shift keying forachieving a coarse lock and a fine lock to the spread spectrum signal.By using spread spectrum techniques, such wireless alarm systems arehighly reliable and provide a safety margin against jamming andundesirable interference. Other applications of spread spectrumtechniques to commercial uses promise similar advantages in reliabilityin communications.

Methods for the serial search and acquisition of utilized spreadspectrum frequencies are well known in the prior art, as shown in M. K.Simon et al., Spread Spectrum Communications, vol. 3, pp. 208-279,Rockville, Md.: Computer Science Press, 1985. In addition, M. K. Simonet al., supra at pp. 346-407 teach spread spectrum multiple accesstechniques such as utilizing ALOHA random access schemes.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

A general object of the invention is to achieve superior jammingresistance compared to other spread spectrum means.

Another object of the invention is to allow multiple systems to co-existwithout undesirable co-interference.

Another object of the invention is to minimize the effects of datacollisions when a system supports numerous non-synchronized ALOHAprotocol transmitters.

An additional object of the invention is to operate within the radioband allowed by the FCC with minimal cost and minimal frequency settingcomponents.

A further object of the invention is to provide techniques suitable fora high level of monolithic circuit integration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, as embodied and broadly describedherein, a frequency agile method is provided which has a low costsolution to many burst mode and continuous data communicationsapplications, including security systems, fire systems, access control,energy management, remote control of model planes, remote processcontrol, traffic light control, remote power meter reading, voicecommunication, radio location, or other local area networks.

In remote monitoring applications, the frequency agile radio systemtypically includes one or more centrally located data collectionreceivers with one or more remotely located transmitters. In controlapplications, one or more centrally located transmitters may communicatewith a plurality of remotely located receivers. Further, the system canprovide two-way polled type communications where each data node requiresboth a receiver and a transmitter.

The method for providing frequency agility includes using a frequencyagile transmitter and a frequency-agile radio system for sending amessage-data signal by selecting a single pseudo-random frequency onwhich to transmit, by generating a preamble signal on a single carrierfrequency for modulating message-data, by transmitting the preamblesignal for a pre-set preamble time for allowing an appropriatefrequency-agile receiver to lock-on the preamble signal, and bymodulating the preamble signal with the message-data signal to produce amodulated signal. The message-data signal is defined herein to be asignal having message-data.

In addition, the method for providing frequency agility includes using afrequency-agile receiver in the frequency-agile radio system foravoiding occupied radio-frequency channels in a radio spectrum byscanning the radio spectrum, identifying occupied portions of the radiospectrum, updating information identifying the occupied portions,storing the updated information in memory means, associating a time-outperiod with the stored occupied portions, and skipping over the occupiedportions of the radio spectrum during the time-out period in response tothe information and while receiving with the frequency-agile receiver,so that only a single time counter is required for all radio bands.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention are set forth in partin the description which follows, and in part are obvious from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectsand advantages of the invention also may be realized and attained bymeans of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed outin the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of theinvention, and together with the description serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows a configuration for a frequency agile transmitter/receiversystem;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are a block diagram of a frequency agile transmitter;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a frequency agile receiver;

FIGS. 4A-4C shows the frequency sweep over the available spectrum by areceiver to identify noise, interference or data;

FIG. 5 shows a shunt table;

FIG. 6 illustrates a frequency scan algorithm;

FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate algorithms for a trip handler and a time baseshunt decay, respectively; and

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating generation of an intentionalin-band jammer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferredembodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate likeelements throughout the several views.

In the exemplary arrangement shown in FIG. 1, the frequency-agiletransmitter is designed to send one full message-data signal on onesingle carrier frequency, with the carrier frequency pseudo-randomlyselected.

To avoid loss of data throughput, in case the selected frequency isjammed, the frequency-agile transmitter, after delaying for apseudo-random time interval, selects a new pseudo-random frequency as anext frequency, which is widely separated from the previous frequency,and re-transmits the entire message-data signal on that frequency. Thenumber of redundant re-transmissions and a preselected average timeinterval between re-transmissions is programmable, which allowsoptimization to a particular installation. For example, if the number oftransmissions required to overcome other sources of data loss, such asALOHA collisions, bit error rate, impulse noise, etc., were 5, then bydoubling the redundant transmissions to 10 would allow continued systemoperation if as much as ½ of the available radio band were jammed.

That is an extreme example, but consider in that example the timeoverhead, two to one, compared to the bandwidth overhead, ten to one or200 to one, required by conventional spread spectrum techniques whichuse all of available radio spectrum simultaneously. The presentinvention is much more frequency efficient for equivalent anti-jamperformance. Further, the extra time required to re-transmit with even100% redundancy can be overcome by doubling the data rate which causesonly a 3 dB penalty in receiver sensitivity.

The compensating advantage is large for anti-jamming and frequencyre-use. For example, consider two adjacent but independentfrequency-agile radio systems, a first system A and a second system B,each with single frequency-agile receiver and multiple transmitters. Ina direct sequence system or a fast frequency hopper, each bit of amessage-data signal is represented on every available frequency. Forexample, if a transmitter of the first system A were ON, and were set touse 63 frequencies, then the data messages signals received by thesecond system B are subjected to the multiple access suppressionavailable, which is 18 dB or less. The frequency-agile radio system ofthe present invention responds differently. If a transmitter of thefirst system A were ON, and were set to use 63 hopping channels, then adata message signal received by the second system B intended for secondsystem B's own transmitter(s) has only a 1 in 63 temporal chance forbeing interfered. Since the receiver is actually occupying only onefrequency at a time, a very small increase to data message signalre-transmissions overcomes the 1 in 63 failure rate due to collisionsfrom the first system A.

An additional method is used to enhance resistance to wide bandwidthjamming and to selective radio channel fading. A hop list or hopalgorithm is designed to provide a minimum hop distance of 500 kHz ormore per frequency step, so that, if the coherence bandwidth of theradio channel is 2 MHz, then several steps overcome the fade.

Each data transmission is proceeded by a pre-determined carrier preamblesignal with a pre-set preamble period which provides the time needed bythe receiver to sweep the entire radio spectrum available for the systemto use and to lock-on the preamble signal. Such a sweep can take fromone to three milliseconds, depending on system parameters. Additionally,the preamble signal can be modulated with a repetitive data code, calleda PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE, that identifies the transmitter as belonging toa particular system, so that, if an associated receiver locks on anenergy source as the receiver sweeps, the receiver can rapidlydemodulate the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE to determine if the energy source ordata packet were intended for that receiver. If not, the receiver cancontinue to sweep its available spectrum to search for valid incomingmessages. The goal is to minimize the dwell time on any piece of impulsenoise, jammer, or data packets which are intended for an unrelatedsystem receiver.

Prior to system operation the frequency-agile receiver performs a sweepof the radio spectrum available for system operation. The receiver logsall channels with higher than expected received energy levels. Eithersignal strength or a quieting detector or a phased-locked-loop “lockdetect” circuit or the like is capable of supplying that information.Each usable frequency channel is associated with its own unique positionin a memory device. The status of that channel is also associated withthat memory location. The status information includes: 1) if the channelis “clear” or “jammed”; and 2) how many time counts must elapse prior tore-sampling to determine if that channel has become “clear”. Thejammed/clear indication can also be equipped with an additionalassociated counter such that more than one occurrence of channel jammingis required to set the JAMMED flag. That feature makes the system morerobust against impulse noise. Further, the receiver does not consider aPREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE of an unrelated system to be JAMMING. Suchoccasional receptions are expected and quickly discarded prior tomessage “data” demodulation. Sufficient extra time is built into thepreamble signal to allow for several collisions with unrelated PREAMBLESYSTEM CODES, and for successful decode of a data message signal.

Upon initial set-up, the receiver determines the frequencies to avoidand a table containing information of such frequencies is stored in thereceiver's memory. The table is then transferred via electrical means tothe other associated transmitters or transceivers. The receiver candetermine which PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODES are unused and available duringpower-up and initialization. The receiver can transfer the informationon unused and available PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODES as a list of frequencieson which to transmit to other system transmitters as well. Suchinformation transference can be magnetic, electrical, optical, acoustic,or via a display and entered through a keypad connected to thetransmitter. Once the list is so loaded, the transmitter will nottransmit on the frequencies marked as ‘jammed’ and will use only thePREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE assigned.

The PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE can be data modulated via any appropriate meansincluding frequency-shift-keying (FSK), binary-phase-shift-keying(BPSK), or amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) modulation. ASK modulation isless desirable, however, because ASK modulation requires time spentwithout full carrier presence.

One separate method to accomplish co-existence with adjacent systemsrequires that both the frequency-agile transmitter and thefrequency-agile receiver be highly frequency stable. Such stability mustbe greater than the sum of transmitter and receiver frequencyuncertainty, frequency drift, and data bandwidth. For example, thefrequency-agile transmitter can transmit on any one of 50 frequencies,each separated by 500 kHz. If the required data bandwidth were 25 kHz,then 10-20 separate channels could fit in each 500 kHz hop slot.Therefore, 10-20 co-located systems could co-exist with noco-interference, and TDMA would not be needed. To attain frequencystabilization, the frequency-agile transmitter and frequency-agilereceiver would simply offset their normal hop by a pre-determined numberof 25 kHz slots. Each system could determine which slot is unused andthen assign each unused slot to all associated system elements. Thismethod of transmitting on any one of 50 frequencies does not work,however, if the accuracy or drift of the carrier frequency were greaterthan +13.5 kHz. At 915 MHz, the drift equals 15 ppm. Absent suchaccuracy, adjacent channels may cause interference. Therefore, theoffsetting of the carrier frequency of each frequency-agile transmitterby at least the required data bandwidth plus compensation for frequencyinaccuracies allows multiple systems to co-exist, which utilize thistechnique.

Previous attempts in the prior art to integratevoltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) components with divider and phasecomparison analog and digital circuits have failed, since the phasenoise generated by the digital divider was induced into the VCO andphase comparator, but such phase noise ultimately reduces thesensitivity of the receiver. The preferred embodiment runs the digitaldivider for a brief period prior to transmission. The divided downsignal is then used to produce a constant frequency error offset term tothe VCO. The digital divider is then disabled after the frequency erroroffset is measured so that the VCO can run open-loop without beingsubjected to phase noise of the divider harmonics. The receiver is ableto compensate for any short term frequency drift during transmission.

FIG. 1 depicts a frequency-agile receiver 101 which can be used toaccept transmissions from a plurality of frequency-agile transmitters103. The frequency-agile transmitters are non-synchronized and mustdepend on ALOHA type communicating redundancy to ensure data receptions.Additional optional frequency-agile receivers 102 may be included toexpand system coverage or add spacial diversity to reduce fading.

FIG. 1 depicts a frequency-agile transmitter 104 sending message-datasignals or command signals to a plurality of frequency-agile receivers105. Each frequency-agile receiver is equipped with a unique address bywhich to accept commands and data intended for that unit. Once again,transmitter data redundancy is required to ensure reliability.

FIG. 1 depicts a system whereby a frequency-agile transceiver 106 may belinked to a single remote transceiver or by a plurality of remotetransceivers 107. In such a system, each system element is associatedwith a unique address or identification number.

Any number of appropriate two way communications protocols may beutilized on such a system including poll-response, reservation request,report by exception, etc.

As illustratively shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, processor means, which maybe embodied as a microprocessor or custom digital integrated circuit, isused to generate all transmitter timing. In order to initiate atransmission, the microprocessor 201 first selects the pseudo-randomfrequency to be used, either by table look-up or by an algorithm. Oncechosen, the microprocessor 201 selects the appropriate digital-to-analoghop setting and outputs the hop setting to the digital-to-analog 203.The digital-to-analog converter 203 in turn sets a new voltage levelonto the voltage input 218 of the voltage control oscillator (VCO) 207.The microprocessor 201 then enables 213 the VCO 207. The VCO 207 thenbegins to oscillate at the frequency selected by the voltage controlinput and the frequency setting resonant element 208. The frequencysetting element can be any appropriate resonant or phase delaydevice(s). The quality factor Q and temperature stability of theresonant element must be great enough to prevent drift outside ofallowed FCC bands. The maximum drift and frequency uncertainty must bedetermined. Then a “guard band” for larger than the maximum uncertaintymust be provided on both sides of the intended transmitted bandwidth sothat inaccuracies in the frequency setting elements do not causetransmissions in disallowed frequency bands.

If the frequency setting element 208 were not stable enough to meetthese FCC requirements with a reasonably small “guard band”, then anoptional divider 209 can be used to lower the carrier frequency to rateswhich can be digitally inputted and counted by the microprocessor 201 todetermine the frequency of VCO operation. The microprocessor 201 canthen generate a frequency error offsetting term to the digital-to-analogconverter 203 to generate an offsetting voltage. A voltage input of theVCO 207 receives the offsetting voltage so that the VCO 207 is thenadjusted by the offsetting voltage to within a required tolerance range.This method has the advantage of not having to run closed-loop, nor behighly accurate, since this method only needs to achieve the “guardband” requirements so that inaccuracies in the frequency settingelements do not cause transmissions in disallowed frequency bands.Further, if the VCO 207 drifts during the brief message, then thereceiver can track and compensate for the drift after the receiverinitially attains a lock on a transmitter.

Once on frequency, the microprocessor 201 enables subsequent or finalradio frequency amplifiers, embodied as the radio frequency (RF) output212, which in turn generates a signal on the antenna 213. Themicroprocessor 201 then modulates the carrier frequency with thePREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE, which can be a repetitive five bit code whichcontains part of the transmitter's unique larger system code. Themodulation of data can be FSK via resistor R2 206 or BPSK 210 or ASK212, or any other appropriate modulation means.

The transmitted preamble 214 is sufficiently long enough for thereceiver to a) search the entire radio band available, b) lock-on thetransmitter carrier, and c) validate the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE 217.Further, preamble time is provided so that unrelated PREAMBLE SYSTEMCODES or impulse noise can be analyzed and rejected with enough timereserved to recognize and intended PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE. Once thepreamble is complete, the transmitter then sends its message-data signal215 via one of above data modulation means. The message-data signal isthen followed by a cyclic-redundancy-check (CRC) 216 errorcorrection/detection code to ensure data integrity by detecting andcorrecting error bits appended to the message-data.

If the frequency setting process were highly stable, then the fourleast-significant bits of the digital-to-analog converter 204 can beused for channel selection, providing for system co-existence on anon-interfering basis. These adjacent channels can be thought of as thelast three or four significant bits of the digital-to-analog input tothe VCO 207. The most-significant-bits are controlled by a pseudo-random“hop frequency” generator. The least-significant bits stay fixed andcause a permanent but small frequency offset in the VCO 207. Providingboth the receiver and transmitter use the same offset, the two are ableto communicate. A system with a different offset is suppressed by thefrequency selectivity of the receiver and ignored.

This hopping technique can be readily made hybrid by additionallymodulating the VCO 207 carrier with other direct sequence methods.

Referring to FIG. 3, a 915 MHz modulated carrier is introduced intoantenna port 300 then filtered and amplified by section 302. If spatialdiversity is desired, an optional section 301 can be added andcontrolled by generally known means to lower occurrences of selectivefading.

Mixer 303 receives a local oscillator signal which is generated by avoltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 304. The frequency of the VCO 304 isset by a frequency setting element 305 and by the voltage preset on thevoltage control input, VIN 315. The voltage control input VIN 316voltage is generated by a digital-to-analog converter 309 or by anyother appropriate linear means which can produce a controllable voltageramp.

If the frequency setting element 305 has a poor absolute accuracy, ortime, or temperature drift, an optional divider 308 can be used forcorrecting frequency error. The divided down result is compared to thecrystal 315 of the microprocessor 314 which then produces a frequencyerror offsetting voltage via the digital-to-analog circuit 309.

The down converted output of the mixer 303 can be immediatelydemodulated or passed first through an optional second conversion state306.

In the preferred embodiment, prior to data demodulation, the signal isfirst band-limited by a fixed frequency and bandwidth filter 307. Thesignal is then decoded by the data demodulator. The demodulator means316 or 310 must match the transmitter's data modulation utilized.

In the preferred embodiment, a phase lock-loop (PLL) 310 is used todetect FSK modulated data. The available frequency spectrum is initiallyswept through and monitored via a wider PLL loop intermediate frequencybandwidth selected by wide/narrow bandwidth select 311, so that theentire available bandwidth can more quickly swept through. The energydetector, carrier lock-detect, quieting detector or equivalent meansmust have a very rapid response time, which should exceed the impulseresponse time of the filter 307 that is, 1/110 kHz=9 microseconds, inthis example.

Once the carrier is initially detected, a more narrow bandwidth can beselected by 311 which is more representative of the data bandwidthrequired for the elected data rate. This narrowing of the bandwidthimproves the carrier to noise ratio. The microprocessor 314 or otherlinear means then can be used to close the frequency control loop andtrack and compensate for further transmitter or receiver driftcomponents.

If the drift components are minimal, and the transmitted message brief,a frequency control loop will not be needed. At this point, data can bedemodulated. Alternatively, if the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE does not match,noise and interference in occupied portions of the radio spectrum can beidentified and skipped ever while the transmitter transmits.

If the transmitter is hybrid modulated with other spread spectrummodulation, such as direct sequence, then direct sequence demodulationmust also be added after the hopping frequency is locked on. This wouldbe an opportunity to include in the combination a simple parallelcorrelator means to decode data. Such a combination would be well suitedto time-off-light radio location applications. The hop sequence would beoptimized for anti-jam and the parallel correlator optimized to “timestamp” the incoming message.

As an alternative to controlling the voltage input of a voltagecontrolled oscillator 304, a numerically controlled oscillator or afrequency synthesizer may be used, or any method as is known in the artwhich can select a frequency based on a control input. If AGC blankingis employed by ‘turning off’ the front-end of the receiver, then therise and fall times of the amplifier 302 and/or circuit 301 can becontrolled in order to reduce unwanted bandwidth expansion from theeffective amplitude modulation resulting from the rapid blanking controlsignal. Alternately, the narrowest IF, or baseband, filter can be dumpedduring the AGC transition time.

As an alternative to the D/A converter 309, dedicated hardware can beimplemented which provides a monotonic increasing or decreasing ramp orsaw tooth waveform. Such implementations are well known in the art andcan be fashioned from operational amplifier integrators.

The frequency agile receiver voltage controlled oscillator 304 also maybe designed such that the narrowest IF filter is not the last one in thereceiver's IF line up. It is further possible to use the voltagecontrolled oscillator 304, or an equivalent, to sweep a second localoscillator or any other intermediate frequency conversion stage in thereceiver's IF line-up.

The “wide/narrow bandwidth select” signal 311 could alternatively beused to select a “chirp/conventional” type filter. The phase-locked-loopcircuit 310 could be replaced with any of the IF/baseband filterapproaches described herein. The D/A converter 309 could additionallyprovide the AGC control signal with appropriate sample and holdcircuits, or an additional D/A converter could be provided for thatpurpose.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustratively shows the frequency sweep operation of thepresent invention. In normal operation, the receiver sweeps over theavailable spectrum to identify cases of noise, interference or data, andto store such identified portions of the spectrum in a jammed channellist. When no data and no new interference since the last memory updateof the jammed channel list is detected during an associated time-outperiod and after a plurality of failed attempts to detect new data orinterference have occurred, the VIN 316 input appears as depicted byFIG. 4A. The VIN will linearly sweep 401 until the microprocessor 314determines, via the microprocessor's list stored in memory, a frequencyto skip over 402 while the receiver is receiving. Once the maximumfrequency point is reached, the VIN 315 input reverses the direction ofsweep 403, in order to minimize the required impulse response of the VCO304.

If new impulse noise or jamming were detected 404, such noise or jammingcauses the CPU's 314 algorithm to temporarily stay on that frequency.The algorithm then attempts to decode a 5 bit PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE. Ifthat were not possible, then the VIN 316 sweep resumes its normal path.The PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE can also be Grey coded or Manchester encoded sothat impulse noise could be more rapidly detected as an illegalsub-sequence without having to monitor all 5 bits.

If the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE 217 matches, then the VIN stays constant 405or in-track with a drifting input frequency 300 if a frequency lockedloop (FLL) is used, so that transmitter and receiver frequency drift iscompensated. The processor 314 then attempts to decode a data message215 and CRC 216. After completion of the message decode, the normalsearch algorithm resumes and the previous path of VIN 316 continues.

Performance can be further enhanced by not skipping over the occupiedportion or portions of the band, but rather by dynamically predictingfuture noise and jamming signal strengths and then only attempting todecode future signals which are higher than those predicted levels. If afuture desired signal were lower in power than a jamming level, then thesignal-to-noise ratio is too low for the data to be decoded and,therefore, the frequency agile receiver should avoid dwelling on thosefrequency bins. If, on the other hand, a future desired signal werehigher in power than a jammer or a background noise level, and werehigher by an amount at least equal to the carrier to noise ratiorequired to decode data at an acceptable bit error rate (BER), then thefrequency agile receiver should dwell on that frequency and attempt todecode a PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE and/or voice or data.

The frequency agile receiver seeks to eliminate dwells on frequency binswhich contain unrecoverable messages. The frequency-agile receivershould not waste time during the scanning portion of the algorithm, assuch waste may prevent the receiver from finding an otherwiserecoverable desired signal residing in an unoccupied portion of thespectrum later in the frequency sweep. Therefore, if the frequency agilereceiver had a ‘perfect’ prediction of the background noise, jamming andinterference contained within the frequency band in use, then thefrequency agile receiver algorithm would be able to optimally eitherdwell on a new signal which exceeded that prediction, or minimize wasteddwell time and continue the sweep into other potentially useable areasof the spectrum. The goal of this technique is therefore accurateprediction. The receiver's algorithm should seek to use informationgathered both in the current frequency sweep, as well as informationcollected from previous frequency sweeps, to make the best prediction ofwhat the background noise, jamming and interference environment willlook like in the next successive frequency sweep, which may be only oneor several milliseconds in the future.

If the types of interferers could be identified, then prediction couldbe made easier or more accurate. There is a wide breadth of potentialjamming and interfering sources which may appear in the unlicensedportions of the radio spectrum which are attractive for operation due toFCC regulatory considerations. The types of jammers which may appear inthese bands include on/off keyed devices, and fast and slow frequencyhopping devices, including data sets and portable telephones. Portablephones include those which find an initially unoccupied frequency andremain on it for the duration of a conversation, as well as those whichare continuously frequency-hopped according to the FCC's definition.Such frequency hopping devices are likely to dwell on any singlefrequency in the range of 1 ms to 400 ms.

Other potential jammers include direct sequence devices operating ateither low or high baud rates. The low baud rate devices typicallyoccupy 1-3 MHz of bandwidth with dense spectral line spacing. The highbaud rate devices require high chipping rates in order to achieve therequired FCC process gain. If the data is not being richly modulated,these high chip rates lead to sparsely spaced spectral line peaks.Depending on data modulation type, such high chip rates can lead tosparsely populated peaks filled in by energy valleys over the entirespectrum used, which is likely to be 20-60 MHz.

Amateur video transmission may also be found in these bands, as well ascontinuous wave (CW), continuous transmitting jammers such as pilottones, or unintentional harmonics caused by lower frequency licensed orunlicensed devices or FCC Part 15.249 devices. Fast fading effects frommobile user transmissions and slow fading effects, such as thoseexperienced in a building at night, will also need to be considered.Taken as a whole, there are wide areas of bandwidth which are eitherunused, of low intensity, or which are unused during those periods inbetween burst type transmissions.

The instant invention can also be used in a two-way transceiving system.Such a system takes advantage of dynamic reallocation of hop channels,providing that the number of hop channels exceeds that number requiredby the FCC's regulations. For example, a receiving device can transmit amap of its background noise, jamming and interference environment to adistant transceiver such that the transmitter associated with thatdistant transceiver can reallocate transmitting frequencies toconcentrate on those frequencies of the receiver that are leastoccupied.

These considerations taken, the frequency agile receiver can use analgorithm which sweeps in a linearly increasing frequency and thenresets to an initial frequency, sweeps in a linearly decreasingfrequency and then resets to the initial value, sweeps in aramp-up/ramp-down fashion, or searches over a pseudo random order of theavailable frequency bins. A frequency ‘bin’ is set by the most narrowintermediate frequency (IF) or baseband filter, or a portion thereof,which is being analyzed by the receiver in one unit time. In addition,the receiver can skip over portions of the band which are too denselyoccupied to be of value and seek to extract useable information from twoseparate portions of the available band, which may be removed infrequency from one another by many megahertz.

In a preferred embodiment of the instant invention based uponprediction, a present measured signal strength or quieting or signallock quality reading from an individual frequency bin is compared to thelast best prediction of the noise, jamming and interference in that bin.The receiver does not dwell on that particular frequency bin unless thepresently measured signal strength or quieting or signal lock qualityreading is higher than the predicted environment level by an amountroughly equal to the carrier-to-noise ratio required to decode a validmessage. Once this threshold is met, the receiver will ‘TRIP’ and dwellon that channel for the amount of time necessary to determine if validdata can be extracted from that frequency bin.

The algorithm then falls into three modes: NORMAL MODE, TRIP MODE andRECOVERY MODE. In NORMAL MODE, the radio spectrum is scanned and radioenergy received from background noise and from manmade jamming sourceswhich is at approximately static power output is processed. Smallvariations in received power do not exceed the dynamic trackingavailable in the frequency agile receiver's algorithm and therefore donot cause an entry into the TRIP MODE, i.e., associated fading changesof known jammers are either sufficiently small or slow so that themodulation form on the jammer will either have slow variations in timeor small variations in signal power. The goal during these occurrencesof slowly varying signals in NORMAL MODE is for the frequency agilereceiver algorithm to apply averaging to these sources of radio energywhich, in fact, tend to average to a roughly static level.

The next mode of the frequency agile receiver's algorithm, TRIP MODE, istriggered when a signal exceeds the predicted level plus the requiredcarrier to noise ratio, signaling the potential for decoding a validmessage. The receiver's algorithm enters the TRIP MODE when subjected torapidly changing background noise or a manmade jamming source which isimpulsive in nature, from other hoppers either fast or slow, from a newtransmitting source which has just been turned on, from fastconstructive fading from an existing transmission, from a largermodulation variation of a transmitter which has already been on, or asthe result of multi-tone IMD products in receiver. The last source of aTRIP is that of a VALID signal.

A VALID signal may contain a correct PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE, in which caseuseable data may be recovered. A VALID signal may also result from aPREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE from a similarly coded frequency agile transmitterbut one which was not intended or desired by the receiving system. Thisis possible since the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE is used in a fashion similarto that employed with Code Division Multiple Access. A VALID butunwanted signal message would be discarded prior to data decode. Ineither VALID case, the receiver's algorithm typically does not seek toalter the prediction variables. Alternatively, if VALID messages fromsimilarly coded systems are anticipated to be long in duration, thereceiver's algorithm can be implemented to rapidly alter the predictionvariable.

Lastly, there is RECOVERY MODE. When a jammer goes away, or is reducedin unwanted signal energy, the receiver's algorithm seeks to make thatportion of the radio band available as rapidly as possible.

In view of the three modes and the different needs of each, the presentinvention proposes a dual algorithmic prediction approach. One portionof the algorithm attempts to apply averaging to those signals which areanticipated to remain within a relatively static range. The otherportion of the algorithm tries to rapidly adjust to a signal which islikely to have large fluctuations in signal strength. This dual approachyields a type of hysterisis, such that if the signal stayed within apredetermined window, or within a dynamic TRIP LEVEL range, then thealgorithm performs averaging within that window. If the received signalfell outside of the predetermined window, or the dynamic TRIP LEVELrange, then the receiver's algorithm seeks to rapidly match that newreading. This can be accomplished with classic hysterisis or windowingtechniques. Alternatively, rate of signal change can be tracked. Rate ofsignal change methods which are common in the art include Type II servoloops which seek to match or anticipate second or third order, rate ofchange phenomenon.

It is important to provide means in the receiver's algorithm such that‘one time’ events have a minimal skewing effect on the predictionalgorithm. One time events can come from very rapid fading, frequencyhoppers, rapid impulse noise, or large but infrequent modulation deltas.In addition, statistics can be maintained on each frequency bin measuredto show the percentage of successful transmissions received, or thepercentage of successful data throughput over a unit of time. Sincefrequency hopping transmissions will be randomized over the frequencyband available, if there is no jamming present in the frequency band inuse, then all of these statistical successes will be roughly equivalent.Statistics can also be maintained on the number of false TRIPSexperienced in each frequency bin. The receiver can then take advantageof this information to either initially, or dynamically, reallocate thechannels by either ignoring those channels exhibiting excessive falseTRIPS and thereby preventing wasted dwell time, or sending informationto the associated transmitting devices so that the transmitting devicesavoid utilizing those frequency bins in future transmissions. Iffrequency avoidance is used, the transmitter still transmits on aspecified number of channels sufficient to meet FCC requirements.

A goal of the frequency agile receiver is to sweep the available band asrapidly as practicable while providing as much resolution per frequencybin as possible. A further goal is to yield an accurate representationof the radio environment, while minimizing signal strength loss. Thereceiver may therefore take one or more signal strength or quietingdetection or signal lock quality samples per transmitted bandwidth. Thereceiver also sweeps as rapidly as possible in order to minimize therequired transmitter preamble time and make a finer time resolutionprediction. The last IF filter, or the one with the narrowest bandwidth,is the filter that is most affected by these requirements and is,therefore, the filter that sets the limit of performance.

Typically, in a conventional filter, as a signal is swept through it at,or approaching, a time proportional to the reciprocal of bandwidth, twolimiting effects occur. First, the filter loss increases, therebyreducing the effective sensitivity of the resulting receiver. Second,the energy from a previous frequency bin dwells in the filter while thenext frequency bin is being analyzed. The energy dwelling from frequencybin to frequency bin is a form of ringing, and is due to the infiniteresponse time of the filter. The dwelling energy from frequency bin tofrequency bin makes measurements appear to smear into one another. Thus,the energy from a strong jammer will dwell in the filter one or moresample times delayed and can be greater than an otherwise decodeabledesired signal having a weaker signal strength.

There are several ways to minimize these two effects on the performanceof a rapidly sweeping frequency agile receiver. The method previouslydescribed using two different IF filter bandwidths can be beneficial.The step using a wide bandwidth filter is used initially during thesweep time. The wide bandwidth filter has a faster response time than anarrow bandwidth filter. The wide bandwidth, however, allows additionalnoise to be placed within the filter, thereby reducing the effectivesensitivity of the receiver and equivalent process gain. Once thedesired signal is acquired, a narrow bandwidth filter is used whendecoding the data portion of the message, while the receiver is nolonger slewing the VCO.

A method which overcomes this previous shortcoming is to use a chirpfilter matched to the sweep speed of the receiver's slewing VCO. Theeffective bandwidth of the chirp filter can be matched to the desiredincoming signal. The chirp filter reduces the effects of ringing orsmearing from the filter, and at the same time achieves full receiversensitivity. Once the initial signal is acquired during the sweep mode,the receiver stops sweeping the VCO and switches to a conventionalnarrowband filter matched to the data bandwidth, prior to attempting todecode data.

An alternative to using the chirp type filter during the acquisitionphase is to use an IF filter with the narrowest bandwidth or basebandfilter, match that filter bandwidth as closely as possible to thebandwidth of the transmitted signal, and then provide means for dumpingthe filter after each sample. This technique eliminates smearing due tosignal energy dwelling in a filter during subsequent samples. Anotherapproach is to use a filter designed with a finite impulse response(FIR) so that unwanted energy cannot linger in the filter. When usingthe foregoing approaches, the chosen filter should have a fast responsetime, or signal energy will be lost in fast sweep/fast sampleimplementations, effectively reducing the sensitivity of the receiver.

A further approach is to use a digital signal processor (DSP), or theequivalent, to provide a fast Fourier transform of a section ofbandwidth equaling one or more frequency bins simultaneously. A DSP canalso simultaneously implement multiple narrowband filters, therebyincreasing the effective sweep speed of the radio spectrum utilized. ADSP algorithm can be flexible, and may implement a chirp type filterduring the sweep portion of the receiver algorithm, and/or a narrow bandconventional type filter once the algorithm locks to a single frequency.

Another approach is to use a single IF filter which has excellentimpulse response time as well as desirable ringing/smearingcharacteristics. Attractive results have been achieved by both guassianand synchronous filters. The shortcoming of these filters is that theskirt roll-off degrades with high signal levels. These filters work wellin combination with AGC strategies, as described below, to minimize thepeak energy which may be introduced.

The receiver 310 may use any of several filter implementations, with thechosen filter providing desirable results, which may be enhanced by theforegoing approaches. The filter implementations include use of a phaselock loop design, a DSP filter, an appropriate surface acoustic wave(SAW) implementation, a switched capacitor bank, or any of the classicactive filter techniques having filters modified for dumping theirenergy storing elements, e.g., capacitors. In these filterimplementations, the leading edge of the filter should be as sharp aspracticable during the condition when the filter is being swept at arapid rate. The benefits of the sharp leading edge include narrowing theeffective bandwidth, improving the co-channel performance, and improvingresistance to the effects of nearby jamming signals.

Prior to anticipated higher levels of jamming, the sweep speed of theVCO can be slowed down so that the filters can settle, or the sweepspeed of the VCO can be significantly increased such that very littleenergy is collected by the narrowest IF or baseband filter.

A further alternative, which can be used with the foregoing methods, isto provide automatic gain control (AGC) at the front-end stage, or at anintermediate frequency stage, of the receiver. The AGC can be in theform of on/off signal blanking, e.g., gain dumping, or may be in theform of smaller incremental steps operating over a wide dynamic range.If the AGC uses smaller incremental steps, then the receiver's algorithmcan attempt to match the AGC signal to that of the incoming signal suchthat the resulting RF output of the front-end stage of the receiveryields a nearly level signal strength envelope as the local oscillatoris swept. Using an AGC with smaller incremental steps reducesundesirable effects from the AGC control signal, which would tend toexpand the bandwidth of an incoming RF signal and could cause theequivalent of smearing. This AGC strategy can also serve to reduce theeffects of front-end signal compression and of undesired intermodulationcomponents which may be created by non-linear operation of subsequentreceiver stages.

If the AGC used ‘on/off’ blanking, then undesirable amplitude modulationartifacts may result from a rapidly changing AGC control signal. It istherefore desirable to moderate the ramp speed of the ‘on/off’ controlsignal. Such moderation techniques are well known in the art.

The drawback with a full AGC approach is that the receiver's algorithmprimarily uses time cues in order to decrease the level of predictionsof future noise, jamming or interference sources. With a full AGCapproach, the AGC circuits eliminate signals which have fallen belowimmediate predicted levels and therefore make these signalsunmeasurable. A compromise approach to full AGC, is to allow a portionof the RF signal energy to be above the noise floor and therefore remainmeasurable. This compromise approach allows the receiver algorithm totake advantage of those measurements to more rapidly predict decreasinglevels of noise, jamming and interference. The compromise approachallows most of the unwanted anticipated signal energy to be eliminatedin the very first stage, or early stage, of the receiver and stillprovides very robust performance.

The architecture of the frequency agile receiver can be designed with adigital-to-analog converter, driving the AGC circuit with sufficientresolution so that the resulting received signal strength indication(RSSI) level is compared against a single TRIP LEVEL. With such anarchitecture, the resulting RSSI level, or quieting output level, doesnot have to be analog-to-digital converted, thus reducing the cost andcomplexity of the architecture.

In the typical AGC approach, the receiver's first section 301, and/orsection 302 is either blanked or replaced with a circuit capable ofvariable gain and/or variable attenuation. Further, the AGC or blankingcircuits can be distributed in the receiver's IF strip for reducing costand improving performance. It is, on the one hand, desirable to reduceunwanted signal power immediately at the front-end of the receiver. Italso is desirable to place a variable attenuator after an IF filter orbaseband filter which is as narrow as practicable, but which does notcreate the limiting factor of ringing or smearing. The bandwidth of thefilter 307 would likewise be increased such that the impulse responsetime and signal loss of filter 307 would not be a factor to thefollowing stage.

A further enhancement to the receiver's prediction capabilities is toprovide an adaptive TRIP LEVEL. The adaptive TRIP threshold has severalareas of value. As the receiver sweeps through the available band atincreasingly rapid rates, the narrowest bandwidth RF, IF, or basebandfilter will increasingly attenuate the received signal, due to responsetime. It is, therefore, desirable to TRIP the algorithm in the mostsensitive manner possible while at the same time not creating so manyfalse dwells that the receiver is likely to entirely miss a preamble ofa valid transmission on a later frequency. This can be accomplished withthe support of the software filters which seek to predict backgroundnoise, jamming, and interference. The TRIP threshold can be effectiveeven at extremely low values, such as 3 dB.

The system of the instant invention seeks to balance sensitivity withrobustness against a hostile environment. In order to be consistent withthis approach, the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE can be designed to allow for asingle bit error within its repetitive sequence and still uniquelydecode the preamble's ID. This approach typically expands a 5 bit codeto more than five bits. Designing this facility into the coding of thePREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE effectively provides for single bit errorcorrection, making the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE more robust, while at thesame time lowering the needed E_(B)/N₀ to successfully decode thePREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE bits. This approach is consistent with very lowTRIP levels. For example, if a 5 bit PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE were expandedto 10 bits, to allow for one bit of error tolerance, then a bit errorrate as low as 1×10⁻¹ would provide usable results. The E_(B)/N₀required for such a low bit error rate, depending on modulation type,can be as low as 1 to 3 dB.

It is usually desirable to rapidly discard a transmitted message whichis not intended for, or desired by, the receiving device. This may beaccomplished by comparing further repetitions of a PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODEin the transmitted preamble and, if a subsequent code does not match, toabort the message. Additionally, a ‘full’ system code in the transmittedmessage, representing hundreds or even millions of unique systems, canbe matched against a full system code which is stored within thefrequency agile receiver's memory means.

The frequency agile receiver can store a table of desired transmitteridentification's (ID's) in memory means. The transmitter ID, or fullsystem code, can be located near a ‘data start’ marker at the beginningof the data message. If the ID code or full system code does not matchwith one of the desired codes stored in the memory means, then thatmessage can be aborted without forcing the receiver to dwell for anentire message time. The ‘data start’ pattern can be provided by eitherembedding an illegal bit sequence, such as three or four sequential 1'sor 0's in a row, or the data start pattern can be a reserved orthogonalPREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE. Since the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE can be so robust,the following portion of the data message would benefit from aninterleaved forward error correction scheme which approximates therobustness of the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE.

A wide range of modulation types may be used with good results in theinstant invention. In general, the modulation type should use the leastamount of bandwidth possible while maintaining a very rapid skirtroll-off. Desirable modulation forms include, but are not limited to,low index FSK, SFSK, FFSK, MSK, and GMSK. A narrow bandwidth utilized atthe transmitter allows for a narrower bandwidth to be used at thereceiver, serving to increase sensitivity and to better reject jammingand interference. Conversely, as the bandwidth is widened to allow forincreasing data modulation rates, the overall message dwell time isreduced. Brief messages are desirable to avoid the effects of a rapidlychanging RF environment and of undesirable interferers such as frequencyhoppers. Minimum bandwidth is desirable for co-channel isolation and tominimize the amount of undesirable signal energy which can be introducedinto the narrowest IF filter or baseband filter. Specific applicationsof the instant invention can be evaluated to make this trade-off.

The frequency agile receiver can be applied to transmitters which do nottransmit on a multiplicity of pseudo random frequencies. In such a case,the receiver provides the benefit of automatically eliminating frequencyuncertainty caused by an unknown transmitter frequency. This reduces thecost of frequency setting elements while optimizing receiver sensitivityby permitting bandwidths approximately equal to the bandwidth oftransmitted voice or data. This provides an attractive approach forcordless phones and PCS applications.

FIG. 5 shows a shunt table. The shunt table is stored in memory meansand is updated either during system setup and/or dynamically throughongoing system operation. The purpose of the shunt table is to associatefrequency bins, relating to received frequencies, i.e., a current orvoltage input of the receiver's VCO or synthesizer divider inputs, toother information concerning the past history of that frequency bin.Past history information can enhance predictions of future anticipatednoise, jamming level or interference level within that frequency bin.Each frequency bin may be either approximately equal to the bandwidth ofthe transmitted signal or may represent a fraction of the bandwidth ofthe transmitted signal. It is also possible to make the frequency binwider than the transmitted bandwidth, which can improve sweep speed butdoes not optimize sensitivity.

The frequency bin number 500 can be stored in the shunt table as avariable. Alternately, the frequency bin number 500 can be associatedwith a physical memory address in a table whereby an offset number canbe used at a start 517 address to index into the table. The end 518 ofthe table represents ‘n’ entries which equal the number of hopsavailable or practically 2-4 times the number of available hops utilizedby the transmitter to provide finer spectrum resolution at the receiver.Optionally, the D/A value controlling the receiver's VCO 516 can also bestored in the shunt table. This value is the equivalent of the selectedreceive frequency. The advantage of storing the frequency bin number500, or of storing the value of the D/A converter which drives thevoltage input of the receiver's VCO 516, is that the receiver algorithmcan then skip through a wide variety of frequencies which may not beadjacent to one another. This further helps facilitate systems whichtake advantage of dynamic reallocation of frequencies.

Each frequency bin is associated with a SHUNT LEVEL 501 which representsthe prediction from the receiver algorithm's previous frequencysweep(s). The next piece of information, which is optional, is a singlebit which indicates that the last reading taken from that frequency binwas a false TRIP 515. This bit can be replaced or augmented by thefollowing optional variables. Attack 502 may be stored to provide asecond order representation of the rate of rise of undesired signalenergy. It can be used as part of a servo loop to track an increasinglevel of jamming energy in this frequency bin. Decay 503 provides thesame functionality as attack, but is used for jamming signals which arereducing in signal energy.

Percent yield 504, which is optional, may maintain a figure of meritrelating to the success of the receiver algorithm in extracting usabledesired messages from that frequency bin. The average false trip 519table entry, which is optional, tracks the number of false dwells thatoccurred on that frequency bin which may have been caused by impulsivejammers. This information can then be used to either avoid spendingreceiver dwell time on that bin or as a method to transfer thisinformation to the associated transmitting device such that thetransmitting device will either avoid or/and make fewer transmissions ona frequency with low yield or high false trips.

In addition to the shunt table, several registers are used by thereceiver's acquisition, TRIP handling and data decoding algorithms. Aregister is used to store new readings 505 from the receiver's A/Dconverter 313 relating to signal strength or to quieting or to signallock quality information. The algorithm also uses a register to storeTRIP LEVEL 506. The TRIP LEVEL 506 can be either statically set as asystem parameter, or can be dynamically determined by the receiver'salgorithm. Dynamic determination facilitates use of a minimum TRIP LEVELto increase the effective sensitivity of the receiver whilesimultaneously minimizing the number of false TRIPS to an acceptablelevel. Another register stores a false TRIP count 507 for the receiver'salgorithm to determine an acceptable number of false TRIPS. This figurein turn helps the receiver's algorithm determine a dynamic TRIP LEVEL506.

The receiver's algorithm sequences through the frequency bins in eithera linear, incrementing or decrementing ramp form, or in a pseudo randomform. The algorithm uses a frequency bin pointer 508 as an index intothe position of the shunt table currently under measurement by thereceiver's hardware.

A graphic representation of a portion of the data contained within theshunt table is shown on the associated graph of FIG. 5. The axis of thegraph are indicated as levels in dB 513 and frequency 514. The shadedarea shows the SHUNT LEVEL 509 stored in the shunt table. The dashedarea shows the SHUNT LEVEL plus the TRIP LEVEL 510 which must beexceeded in order for the receiver's algorithm to TRIP and dwell on thatfrequency bin. A desired signal 511 is shown which is below the SHUNTLEVEL plus TRIP LEVEL 510, and is therefore rejected as unrecoverable.Such a signal would not provide a sufficiently high carrier-to-noiseratio to reliably decode a message. A desired signal 512 is shown abovethe SHUNT LEVEL plus TRIP LEVEL and causes a TRIP of the receiver'ssweep algorithm such that the receiver dwells on that frequency bin andcorrectly decodes the desired signal. Alternately, both the SHUNT LEVELand the TRIP LEVEL can be summed prior to storage in the shunt table.The hysterisis range around the SHUNT LEVEL is shown as 519.

Referring to FIG. 6, the receiver software includes an algorithm tosweep or pseudorandomly step through a list of frequencies contained inthe shunt table. The TRIP handler seeks to identify if the TRIP is aresult of a desired message or undesired noise, jamming or interference.If the TRIP was due to undesired noise, jamming interference, the TRIPhandler readjusts the SHUNT LEVEL 501 an appropriate amount.

Once the receiver software is initialized, it jumps to point ‘A’ 621 inorder to enter the frequency sweeping algorithm. Next, if a chirp typefilter architecture is optionally utilized, then the algorithm selectsthe chirp IF or baseband filter which is architecturally prior to thehardware in the receiver which measures either signal strength, quietingor signal lock quality. Alternatively, the sweep algorithm can bere-entered through node ‘B’ 622 once a pass of a single frequency binhas been completed.

If the instant invention uses an implementation whereby the voltagecontrolled oscillator 304 runs predominantly open loop, thenoccasionally an additional step may be used to calibrate the voltagecontrolled oscillator 304 to a known reference such as a crystal 315.This is repeated in a time interval which is less than the maximumacceptable receiver frequency drift. This frequency measurementcomputation can be accomplished through the optional digital divider 308in conjunction with timer counter hardware and/or software within CPU314 or by phase locked means. Alternately, if the voltage controlledoscillator 304 is part of a synthesizer, once settled on an initialfrequency, the loop can be opened and the voltage into the voltagecontrolled oscillator 304 can be integrated, or ramped, by any means asis known in the art. As a further alternative, referring to FIG. 8, thevoltage controlled oscillator 304 can sweep through an in-band 803‘intentional jammer’ which is purposely generated 801 by the receiver'shardware. Such an ‘intentional harmonic’ would also be modulated 802 ina manner such that the receiver's algorithm could uniquely identify theharmonic. The ‘intentional harmonic’ would be generated by a stablereference 800 such as a crystal source so that it would appear at aknown position in the band over which the receiver was sweeping. Thealgorithm within CPU 314 would then be able to use this as a knownreference to correct the actual scan position of the voltage controlledoscillator 304. Additionally, more than one harmonic can be placedin-band so that a two point correction or a piecewise linear curve fitcould be implemented by algorithmic means.

The frequency bin pointer 508 is incremented 601 to point to the nextshunt table entry. Alternatively, the frequency bin pointer 508 can bestepped through a pseudo random sequence, or other randomizing means.Next, if step 602 decides the frequency bin pointer 508 has reached theend 518 of the table, then control of the algorithm passes to reset 603the shunt table pointer. Next, the voltage controlled oscillator 304 isslewed 604 to the start frequency so that the voltage controlledoscillator 304 has adequate settling time prior to taking the next read.Optionally, the SHUNT LEVEL 506 is dynamically recalculated startingwith a comparison of the false TRIP count 507 to the number ofadditional PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE repetitions designed into thetransmitted preamble 605. If the false TRIP count 507 is lower than thenumber of additional repetitions, then the TRIP LEVEL 506 is reduced 606by one half of one dB, or by some other preselected amount. If the falseTRIP count 507 is not less than the number of additional repetitions,then the TRIP LEVEL 506 is increased 607 by one half of one dB, or bysome other preselected amount. To prevent the TRIP LEVEL 506 fromincreasing or decreasing into unreasonable ranges, the TRIP LEVEL isconstrained 608 to a TRIP LEVEL which is greater than 3 dB but less than10 dB. These numbers can be preselected to any desirable bounds.Alternatively, the dynamic TRIP point can be updated on every M^(th)pass. Lastly, the false TRIP count 507 is reset 609.

Control is then passed to reading 611 the SHUNT LEVEL from the shunttable. The step of writing 612 the SHUNT LEVEL is optional, and may beused alternatively to augment the rest of the algorithm. The SHUNT LEVEL501 is used either in part or in whole to control the AGC input of thefront-end of the receiver. The AGC input would be in block 301 and/orblock 302. Alternatively, variable gain or variable attenuation may bedistributed through any part of the receiver. The step of writing 612the shunt level can be used to eliminate or reduce undesirable signalenergy which is predicted by the shunt table. The step of writing 612,therefore, reduces the amount of energy which may cause subsequent RFstages to either overload, ring or create undesirable non-linear signalcomponents. The step of writing 612 can also be used to increase theeffective dynamic range of the receiver system. A form of blanking canbe implemented by simply disabling the amplifier stage in 302 and/or301, thereby effectively reducing the input signal by approximately 30dB. The AGC control signal also may be synchronized with subsequentfilter dumping to eliminate unwanted Fourier components which may bemeasured on the receiver's output.

Next, the algorithm increments steps, ramps or pseudo randomly jumps 613to the next VCO frequency. This can also be accomplished by reading aD/A, or frequency, value 516 from the shunt table. Next, the algorithmoptionally may dump 614 the last narrowest IF or baseband filter. Thealgorithm then allows a delay 615 which is appropriate for the IF orbaseband filter to settle. Once the filter settles, the A/D converter313 reads 616 a level representing signal strength, quieting or signallock quality. The new reading is then compared 617 to the TRIP LEVEL 506plus the SHUNT LEVEL 501. If the algorithm stores a value in the shunttable that is equal to the SHUNT LEVEL plus the TRIP LEVEL, then the newreading is compared only to that combined stored level. If the newreading exceeds this level then control is passed to C 719 for TRIPhandling. If this new reading is not greater, then the algorithm thenseeks to find if the new reading is 618 less than or equal to the SHUNTLEVEL 501 minus the TRIP LEVEL 506. Effectively, this creates ahysterisis band which is plus or minus the TRIP LEVEL 506 selected. Ifthe reading is within a hysterisis band then control passes to set 619the SHUNT LEVEL in order to provide ordinary averaging of the SHUNTLEVEL to the newly read data. If the new reading is outside of thehysterisis band, then the algorithm seeks to very rapidly move the SHUNTLEVEL to the newly read input 620. Alternatively, attack 502 and decay503 variables may be used from the SHUNT LEVEL to augment the hysterisisalgorithm and provide means to create averaging about levels which tendto be static while simultaneously rapidly acquiring jamming signalswhich are changing quickly. Lastly, control is directed to B 622 wherebythe algorithm repeats itself.

If the step of comparing 617 the new reading is used in conjunction withthe AGC function of setting 612 the shunt level, then the SHUNT LEVEL501 is reduced by an amount equal to that written into the AGC circuit.If gain stage disabling is employed, then the SHUNT LEVEL is reduced byan amount equal to the attenuation of the disabled amplifier, oramplifiers, such as the ones in block 302 and/or 301. Further, in AGCassisted implementations, the ‘below shunt’ hysterisis provided by thesteps of comparing 618 and setting 620 will only be effective if the AGCvalue is only a portion of the total SHUNT LEVEL 501. Lastly, if theinstant invention is implemented with AGC operating over the entiredynamic range of the receiver, and such that the receiver algorithm usesdetected RSSI to seek a zero point, then the SHUNT LEVEL 501 can bereduced by time based decay means per FIG. 7B.

As an alternative to the above algorithms, an implementation of theinstant invention may post-process TRIPS which are initially identifiedas increases in signal level, but whereby the algorithm does not TRIPand dwell on those frequency bins. In such an implementation, during thesweep time, the algorithm would utilize an additional column within theshunt table to indicate that the present reading yielded an increaseover the prediction relating to the present frequency bin. After acomplete pass of the available radio spectrum, the receiver's algorithmcould then choose the most likely candidate or some transmitter toattempt to decode a PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE, or some transmitter identifieror data. This post-processing approach would provide additional systemcues to make a decision before spending time dwelling on any individualfrequency bin.

Once the algorithm in FIG. 6 is tripped, control is passed to C 719 ofFIG. 7. Initially, the method deselects 700 the chirp type filter, ifone has been used, and selects 700 the non-chirp alternate filter. Anon-chirp filter is used during data decode since the voltage controlledoscillator 304 does not slew the receiver's local oscillator once a TRIPoccurs. Next, the method may optionally use feedback means, such as aquad circuit or a frequency error output from a PLL, to provide 701drift correction between the transmitting and receiving devices. Afrequency error term is established and is used to compensate thevoltage controlled oscillator 304 through the D/A converter 309 if thevoltage controlled oscillator 304 is open loop. Alternatively, if closedloop means such as a synthesizer were used, then the feedback loop canbe opened and the voltage controlled oscillator 304 can be directlyslewed. Alternatively, if a closed loop synthesizer were used andremained closed, a directly compensating reference crystal 315 steersthe output of the voltage controlled oscillator 304. This last approachhas the advantage of automatically correcting the data sample clock atthe same time the voltage controlled oscillator 304 frequency error iscorrected. In the drift correction approaches, however, the trackingrange should be governed to prevent the receiver from locking onto anadjacent, or more powerful, undesired signal.

The method seeks to decode 702 the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE which isrepeated in the transmitted signal. This code may be repeated severalextra times as determined by the anticipated number of false TRIPS inthe frequency sweep of FIG. 6. The PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE can providetiming information so that the receiver can clock data at an optimalsample point. The PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE may be a 5-10 bit code designedwith special characteristics providing cues to the frequency agilereceiver so the frequency agile receiver can rapidly abort attempts todecode undesired radio energy as a message. One such characteristic cuecan be detected 703 in three or four bit times, such as an illegal bitsequence and, if not found, the handler aborts to step 710.Additionally, the receiver hardware or software algorithms may be ableto provide information indicating that the modulation itself is notappropriate or recoverable, in which case the TRIP handler aborts tostep 710. If these tests pass, then the method seeks to determine 704 ifthe PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE is in one of the several valid orthogonalgroups which may be used by similar systems but which are not intendedfor the receiver. If the 5-10 bits subsequently received cannot bedecoded 704 as a valid group, then the TRIP handler aborts to step 710.If the 5-10 bits received can be interpreted as a member of a validgroup, then the algorithm acknowledges that the TRIP was not caused byjamming and clears 705 the false TRIP bit 515. Alternately, if the totalmessage transmit time of a valid, but undesired, transmission isanticipated to last many sweeps of radio spectrum available, it may bedesirable to adjust the SHUNT LEVEL accordingly, or to mark the channelas occupied or as jammed for some number of frequency sweeps.

If the PREAMBLE SYSTEM CODE matches 706 the instant receiver's presetcode, then control is passed to establish 707 the data clock sampleposition. If the code does not match, then the algorithm passes controlto A 621 so that the receiver can continue to search for possibledesired signals. Steps 702, 703, 704, 706, and 707 can be combined intoone hardware/software block by use of parallel correlation, tablelook-up or equivalent algorithmic means.

Once the data clock is established 707 then the algorithm may decode thefirst leading bits in the data message which may optionally contain thefull system code. If the full system code does not match 708, then thetransmission is not intended for the receiver and control is passed to A621 with delay. If the full system code does match 708, then theremainder of the message is decoded 709 and is used according to theapplication of the system. Control is then turned to A 621 in order tosearch for further valid signals. In addition, the transmitter's ID maybe located in the leading portion of the following data. The receivercan, in conjunction, maintain a data base of ‘desired’ transmitter IDswhich are a subset of all possible IDs. If the new message does notmatch the ‘desired’ list, then the receiver may abort the message toprevent wasted dwell time.

In the case where the TRIP handler aborted, the method determines 710 ifthe false TRIP is a product of frequency hoppers or other rapid pulsejammers, which are not likely to affect the next subsequent signalreading of that frequency bin. If the false TRIP bit 515 was not set 710in the last reading of that frequency bin, then control is passed tostep 712. If the last reading of that frequency bin did 710 result in afalse TRIP, then it is desirable to set 711 the SHUNT LEVEL 501 to thenew jamming level. As an alternative to this approach, or to augmentthis approach, the attack variable 502 may be used to establish a firstor second order derivative which seeks to predict the rate of rise of arapidly increasing interfering signal level.

The method sets 712 the false TRIP bit 515 in the shunt table increments713 the false TRIP count 507 and exits the TRIP handler, returning to A621 to seek further desired messages.

The method shown in FIG. 7B is used if the AGC loop seeks to use theentire dynamic range of the system. The signal level cues, which arelower than the zero level of the servo loop, cannot be used toreestablish or reduce the SHUNT LEVEL 501. Alternatively, thistime-based SHUNT LEVEL decay algorithm can be used to enhance or augmentthe other algorithms. The time-based SHUNT LEVEL decay algorithm runs ina continuous loop beginning with the step of delaying 714 for someappropriate period of time which can be in the range of a portion of asingle frequency sweep or as long as many minutes. This method requiresa separate shunt table pointer to be incremented 715 in order to indexthrough the list of SHUNT LEVELS 501. An optional step may be used inconjunction with a higher order loop to calculate 716 a decay. Afunction controlled by the decay variable 503 sets the amount W bywhich, the subsequent steps, the SHUNT LEVEL 501 shall be decremented717. The method resets 718 the shunt table pointer if the shunt tablepointer has reached the end of the shunt table. The method then loopsback to 714 and repeats.

As an alternative to these Van Newman algorithms, the prediction can beimplemented by fuzzy logic or neural network means. The present signalstrength or quieting reading in any frequency bin can be input, as wellas other cues, to re-train the network and to yield results which adaptto the radio environment, background noise, jamming and interference.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications can be made to the frequency agile spread spectrum systemof the instant invention without departing from the scope or spirit ofthe invention, and it is intended that the present invention covermodifications and variations of the frequency agile spread spectrumsystem provided they come within the scope of the appended claims andtheir equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to compensate for frequency error in areceiver, comprising the steps of: generating, intentionally by thereceiver, a frequency in an operating bandwidth of the receiver;receiving the intentionally generated frequency by the receiver;correcting frequency error in the receiver by utilizing theintentionally generated frequency received by the receiver; andperforming the generating, receiving, and correcting steps with thereceiver, wherein the step of receiving includes the substep of sweepingan internal local oscillator of the receiver in order to identify saidintentionally generated frequency.
 2. A method to compensate forfrequency error in a receiver, comprising the steps of: generating,intentionally by the receiver, a frequency in an operating bandwidth ofthe receiver; receiving the intentionally generated frequency by thereceiver; correcting frequency error in the receiver by utilizing theintentionally generated frequency received by the receiver; performingthe generating, receiving, and correcting steps with the receiver; andmodulating the intentionally generated frequency in a predeterminedmanner such that the receiver can uniquely identify the intentionallygenerated frequency.
 3. A method to compensate for frequency error in areceiver, comprising the steps of: generating, intentionally by thereceiver, a frequency in an operating bandwidth of the receiver;receiving the intentionally generated frequency by the receiver;correcting frequency error in the receiver by utilizing theintentionally generated frequency received by the receiver; andperforming the generating, receiving, and correcting steps with thereceiver, wherein said step of receiving comprises the substep ofutilizing a fast Fourier transform to receive the intentionallygenerated frequency.
 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein thestep of receiving includes the substep of sweeping an internal localoscillator of the receiver in order to identify said intentionallygenerated frequency.
 5. The method according to claim 3, wherein thestep of receiving includes the substep of sweeping an internal localoscillator of the receiver in order to identify said intentionallygenerated frequency.
 6. A receiver having an operating bandwidth and aninternal local oscillator, comprising: means for intentionallygenerating a frequency in the operating bandwidth of the receiver; meansfor receiving the intentionally generated frequency, including means forsweeping the internal local oscillator in order to identify saidintentionally generated frequency; and means for correcting a frequencyerror in the receiver by utilizing the received intentionally generatedfrequency as a reference frequency.
 7. A receiver having an operatingbandwidth, comprising: means for intentionally generating a frequency inthe operating bandwidth of the receiver; means for modulating theintentionally generated frequency in a predetermined manner such thatthe receiver can uniquely identify the intentionally generatedfrequency; means for receiving the intentionally generated modulatedfrequency by the receiver; and means for correcting a frequency error inthe receiver by utilizing the intentionally generated modulatedfrequency as a reference frequency.
 8. The receiver according to claim7, wherein the means for receiving includes means for sweeping aninternal local oscillator of the said receiver in order to identify saidintentionally generated frequency.
 9. A receiver having an operatingbandwidth, comprising: means for intentionally generating a frequency inthe operating bandwidth of the receiver; means for receiving theintentionally generated frequency including a fast Fourier transformmechanism configured to analyze the intentionally generated frequency;and means for correcting a frequency error in the receiver by utilizingthe received intentionally generated frequency as a reference frequency.10. The receiver according to claim 9, wherein the means for receivingincludes means for sweeping an internal local oscillator of the saidreceiver in order to identify said intentionally generated frequency.